Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Passive immunity is a form of immunity that is acquired by receiving antibodies from another source, rather than through the body’s own immune response. This type of immunity provides immediate protection against specific pathogens, but it is temporary and can wane over time. In this article, we will explore the various factors and components associated with passive immunity, including the types of antibodies, the sources of these antibodies, and the conditions under which passive immunity is most effective.
The first type of passive immunity is known as natural passive immunity. This occurs when a mother passes on antibodies to her child during pregnancy or through breast milk. These antibodies, known as IgG (immunoglobulin G), are transferred from the mother to the fetus or infant and provide immediate protection against certain diseases. Natural passive immunity is crucial for newborns, as their own immune systems are not fully developed at birth.
The second type of passive immunity is artificial passive immunity. This is achieved through the administration of antibodies that are not produced by the recipient’s own immune system. These antibodies can be derived from human or animal sources. Artificial passive immunity is commonly used in medical settings to treat infections or to prevent them in individuals who are at high risk.
One of the most well-known examples of artificial passive immunity is the administration of antiserum, which contains antibodies against a specific pathogen. Antiserum can be used to treat infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Another example is the use of immune globulins, which are concentrated preparations of antibodies that can be used to prevent or treat a variety of diseases.
The sources of antibodies for passive immunity can vary. Human-derived antibodies are often used, particularly in the production of antiserum and immune globulins. Animal-derived antibodies, such as those from horses, have also been used historically. However, the use of animal-derived antibodies has decreased due to concerns about potential side effects and the availability of human-derived alternatives.
Passive immunity is most effective in certain conditions. For instance, it is particularly useful in situations where the body’s own immune response is compromised, such as in individuals with weakened immune systems or in newborns. Additionally, passive immunity can be beneficial in situations where rapid protection is needed, such as in the case of exposure to a highly contagious disease.
In conclusion, passive immunity is a valuable form of protection against specific pathogens. It is associated with the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, whether through natural or artificial means. Understanding the sources and conditions under which passive immunity is most effective can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about its use in various clinical scenarios.
